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Transplantation is the removal of living, functioning cells, tissues, or organs from the body and then their transfer back into the same body or into a different body.
The most common type of transplantation is a blood transfusion. Blood transfusions are used to treat millions of people each year. More typically, transplantation refers to the transfer of organs (solid organ transplants) or tissues.
Tissues and organs from living donors are preferable because they are usually healthier. Stem cells (from bone marrow or blood) and kidneys are the tissues most often donated by living donors. Usually, a kidney can be safely donated because the body has two kidneys and can function well with only one. Living donors can also donate a part of the liver or a lung or a pancreas. Organs from living donors are usually transplanted within minutes of being removed. In the United States, being paid to donate an organ is illegal, but reimbursement for cells and tissues is allowed.
Some organs, such as the heart, obviously cannot be taken from living donors.
Organs from deceased donors usually come from people who previously agreed to donate organs. In many states, people can indicate their willingness to donate organs on their driver’s license, although family members are also consulted even when donor status is indicated on the license. Permission for donation also may be obtained from the deceased’s closest family member when the deceased’s wishes are unknown. Deceased donors can be otherwise healthy people who have been in a major accident, as well as those who died of a medical disorder that does not affect the organ being donated. Doctors do not take the potential for organ donation into account when deciding whether to recommend withdrawal of life support from people who are terminally ill or who are brain dead.
Organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable successes in the history of medicine. This chart shows the various parts of the body that can be transplanted and the laws governing organ transplants.
a) Heart transplant
A healthy heart from a donor who has suffered brain death is used to replace a patient's damaged or diseased heart.
Due to the complexity of this procedure, strict medical criteria is imposed in assessing whether a donor's heart is suitable for transplant, and whether a potential recipient is suitable to receive the transplant.
Deceased donor heart transplants are performed three to six times a year in Singapore, partly due to a scarcity of donors.
b) Lung transplant
One lung or both lungs from a recently deceased donor are used to replace a patient’s diseased lung or lungs.
Because of strict medical criteria for suitability of lung donors, as of end-2009, only nine lung transplants have been performed locally.
c) Liver transplant
A patient's diseased liver is replaced with a healthy liver graft from a donor. Donor livers can be obtained from deceased donors, or a family member may choose to donate a portion of his liver to the patient.
d) Kidney transplant
A kidney for transplant can be taken from a living or dead donor.
Risk factors include:
Procedure include:
Procedure | Duration In Hospital | Min Cost (INR) | Max Cost (INR) |
---|---|---|---|
Kidney Transplant for Unrelated Donor and Recipient | Donor-10 days in multiple bed; Recepient- 14 days in Single Room | 600000 | 700000 |
Kidney Transplant for Related Donor and Recipient | 400000 | 1000000 | |
Bone Marrow Transplant | Depend on the type of bone marrow transplant | 2400000 | 3000000 |
Liver Transplant Surgery | Depends upon the treatment | 3000000 | 5600000 |
Cochlear Implant | |||
Unilateral With Digisynic Implant | 3 | 1000000 | 1400000 |
Bilateral With Digisynic Implant | 3 | 2000000 | 2500000 |