Introduction
Marrow is the sponge-like material inside your bones. Located deep within the marrow are stem cells, which can develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Bone marrow cancer happens when cells in the marrow begin to grow abnormally or at an accelerated rate. Cancer that starts in the bone marrow is called bone marrow cancer or blood cancer, not bone cancer.
Other types of cancer can spread to your bones and bone marrow, but they're not bone marrow cancer.
Types of bone marrow cancer
Multiple myeloma
The most common type of bone marrow cancer is multiple myeloma. It starts in the plasma cells. These are white blood cells that make antibodies to protect your body from foreign invaders.
Tumors form when your body starts to produce too many plasma cells. This can lead to bone loss and a decreased ability to fight infections.
Leukemia
Leukemia usually involves white blood cells.
The body produces abnormal blood cells that don't die off as they should. As their numbers grow, they swarm normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, interfering with their ability to function.
Acute leukemia involves immature blood cells, called blasts, and symptoms can progress quickly. Chronic leukemia involves more mature blood cells. Symptoms can be mild at first, so you might not know you have it for years.
Lymphoma
Lymphoma can start in the lymph nodes or the bone marrow.
There are two main types of lymphoma. which starts in specific B lymphocytes. The other type is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which starts in B or T cells. There are also many subtypes.
With lymphoma, the lymphocytes grow out of control, forming tumors and making it difficult for your immune system to do its job.
Risk Factors
Risk factors include:
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The most common risk factors for cancer include aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation exposure, chemicals and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being overweight.
Some causes of cancer can be prevented but others such as family history or aging cannot.
You can help prevent many forms of cancer by quitting smoking, staying out of the sun and using sunscreen regularly, follow all safety precautions if you work with dangerous chemicals, do not have unprotected sex or share needles, get the vaccine that prevents hepatitis B infection if you are at risk for getting hepatitis B, drink in moderation, eat a balanced diet, exercise, and maintain a healthy weight.
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It is usually not possible to know exactly why one person develops cancer and another doesn't. But research has shown that certain risk factors may increase a person's chances of developing cancer. (There are also factors that are linked to a lower risk of cancer. These are sometimes called protective risk factors, or just protective factors.)
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Cancer risk factors include exposure to chemicals or other substances, as well as certain behaviors. They also include things people cannot control, like age and family history. A family history of certain cancers can be a sign of a possible inherited cancer syndrome.
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Most cancer risk (and protective) factors are initially identified in epidemiology studies. In these studies, scientists look at large groups of people and compare those who develop cancer with those who don't. These studies may show that the people who develop cancer are more or less likely to behave in certain ways or to be exposed to certain substances than those who do not develop cancer.
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Such studies, on their own, cannot prove that a behavior or substance causes cancer. For example, the finding could be a result of chance, or the true risk factor could be something other than the suspected risk factor. But findings of this type sometimes get attention in the media, and this can lead to wrong ideas about how cancer starts and spreads.
Procedure
Procedure include:
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Cancer screening aims to detect cancer before symptoms appear. This may involve blood tests, urine tests, DNA tests other tests, or medical imaging. The benefits of screening in terms of cancer prevention, early detection and subsequent treatment must be weighed against any harms.
Universal screening, also known as mass screening or population screening, involves screening everyone, usually within a specific age group. Selective screening identifies people who are known to be at higher risk of developing cancer, such as people with a family history of cancer.
Screening can lead to false positive results and subsequent invasive procedures. Screening can also lead to false negative results, where an existing cancer is missed. Controversy arises when it is not clear if the benefits of screening outweigh the risks of the screening procedure itself, and any follow-up diagnostic tests and treatments.
Screening tests must be effective, safe, well-tolerated with acceptably low rates of false positive and false negative results. If signs of cancer are detected, more definitive and invasive follow-up tests are performed to reach a diagnosis. Screening for cancer can lead to cancer prevention and earlier diagnosis. Early diagnosis may lead to higher rates of successful treatment and extended life. However, it may also falsely appear to increase the time to death through lead time bias or length time bias.
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Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
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Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
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Bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem cell transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.
A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
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Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body's immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune system "see" the cancer and attack it.
Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
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Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.
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Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a thin, wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several times during the same treatment session in order to kill the cancer cells.
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Radiofrequency ablation. This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells, causing them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle through the skin or through an incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes through the needle and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells.
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Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer. Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.
Range of Treatment Cost
| Procedure |
Min Cost
₹ (INR)/$ |
Max Cost
₹ (INR)/$ |
Duration In Hospital |
| Breast Cancer Treatment - Complete Medical Evaluation |
10000/150 |
30000/500 |
4-5 Days |
| Breast Cancer Treatment - Conservative or Modified Radical Mastectomy |
30000/500 |
100000/1400 |
Depending upon the treatements |
| Colon Cancer Treatment - Cryosurgery |
100000/1400 |
200000/2800 |
Depending upon the treatements |
| Colon Cancer Treatment - Polypectomy |
25000/500 |
170000/2500 |
Depending upon the treatements |
| Ovarian Cancer: Radiation Therapy |
50000/700 |
150000/2100 |
Depending upon the treatements |
| Bone marrow Transplant |
2000000/27500 |
3500000/48000 |
Depending upon the treatements |
